New York, Feb 13 (IANS): Scientists have discovered, for the first time, water molecules on the surface of an asteroid.

The team from Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in the US looked at four silicate-rich asteroids using the FORCAST instrument from the retired Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) to isolate the mid-infrared spectral signatures indicative of molecular water on two of them. SOFIA is a joint project of NASA and the German Space Agency.

"Asteroids are leftovers from the planetary formation process, so their compositions vary depending on where they formed in the solar nebula," said lead author Anicia Arredondo, from the SwRI.

"Of particular interest is the distribution of water on asteroids, because that can shed light on how water was delivered to Earth," Arredondo added.

Anhydrous, or dry, silicate asteroids form close to the sun while icy materials coalesce farther out.

Understanding the distribution of water in our solar system will provide insight into the distribution of water in other solar systems and, because water is necessary for all life on Earth, will drive where to look for potential life, both in our solar system and beyond.

"We detected a feature that is unambiguously attributed to molecular water on the asteroids Iris and Massalia," Arredondo said. "We based our research on the success of the team that found molecular water on the sunlit surface of the moon. We thought we could use SOFIA to find this spectral signature on other bodies." The findings are detailed in a paper in The Planetary Science Journal.

SOFIA detected water molecules in one of the largest craters in the moon's southern hemisphere.

Previous observations of both the moon and asteroids had detected some form of hydrogen but could not distinguish between water and its close chemical relative, hydroxyl. Scientists detected roughly equivalent to a 12-ounce bottle of water trapped in a cubic metre of soil spread across the lunar surface, chemically bound in minerals.

"Based on the band strength of the spectral features, the abundance of water on the asteroid is consistent with that of the sunlit moon," Arredondo said. "Similarly, on asteroids, water can also be bound to minerals as well as adsorbed to silicate and trapped or dissolved in silicate impact glass."

While SOFIA’s FORCAST instrument is apparently not sensitive enough to detect the water spectral feature if present, the team is enlisting NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, the premier infrared space telescope, to use its precise optics and superior signal-to-noise ratio to investigate more targets.